Informatics Publishing Limited

Deepak Umalkar ¹, R. B. Saudagar ¹, Divya Patel ², K. S. Rajesh ²

Affiliations
1 R. G. Sapkal College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, IN
2 Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Vadodara, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Isotretinoin (13-cis-Retinoic acid) is a poor water soluble drug, commonly used in the treatment of severe cases of acne. The aim of present work was to formulate isotretinoin in the form of transferosomal gel and sustain the drug release, enhance the drug availability at the site of action and minimize the side effects by the use of formulations containing Phospholipon 90 H and surfactant. The transfersomes were formulated by lipid film hydration technique using Rotary vacuum Evaporator. The prepared transfersomes were optimized for type and concentration of edge activator and converted into suitable gel formulation then it was evaluated for their characteristics. The prepared transferosomes were evaluated for Particle size, Size distribution, Deformability, % Entrapment efficiency and % Drug release kinetic modeling for 24 hrs. The excipients compatibility was performed by using Differential scanning calorimetry and it was found compatible with each other. The vesicular surface morphology was studied using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then gel was evaluated for characteristics like pH, viscosity and spreadability, skin irritation study and skin permeation study. The stability studies performed for 6 months at 4°C and room temperature as per ICH guideline. In vitro drug release studies showed desirable results based on linearity, the drug permeation data fit well to Higuchi equation plot (R2=0.943) indicating the diffusion rate limited drug permeation mechanism was found as Fickian diffusion. Transferosomal gel prepared showed all the desired properties and complied within the range of results.

Keywords

Isotretinoin, Transfersomes, DSC, Skin Irritation Study.

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D. G. Umalkar ¹, G. V. Shinde ², G. S. Bangale ², K. S. Rajesh ³, R. S. R. Murthy ³

Affiliations
1 Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Limda, Vadodara- 391760, Gujarat, IN
2 Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Limda, Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, IN
3 Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Ghalkalan, Moga, Punjab, IN

Abstract

In the present work, Orodispersible tablet of Aceclofenac were designed with a view to Enhance patient compliance. A combination of superdisintegrants i.e.Ac-di-sol (Croscarmellose sodium), Polyplasdone XL-10, Microcrystalline Cellulose pH 102 was Used along with directly compressible dextrose to enhance mouth feel. The prepared Batches of tablet were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, wetting time, water absorption ratio and in vitro dispersion time. Based on in vitro dispersion time, two formulation were tested for in vitro drug release pattern (in pH7. 4phosphatebuffer), short - term stability at 25°C ± 2°C/60% RH, 30°C ± 2°C/65% RH, 40°C ± 2°C/75% RH for 3 month and drug -excipient interaction (IR Spectroscopy) among the two formulation, the formulation prepared by direct Compression method using Ac-di-sol (croscarmellose sodium) 50mg, Polyplasdone XL- 10 -25mg, Microcrystalline Cellulose pH 102- 25mg was found tobe better formulation T80% = 5 min. based on in- vitro drug release characteristics. Short term stability studies on the formulation indicated that there is no significant change in drug content and in vitro dispersion time.

Keywords

Orodispersible Tablet, Aceclofenac, Direct Compression, 2³ Factorial Design.

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R. Balakrishna ¹, K. S. Rajesh ²

Affiliations
1 Dept of ISE, Rajarajeswari College of Engineering, Bangalore, IN
2 Dept of CSE, Rajarajeswari College of Engineering, Bangalore, IN

Abstract

In this paper, the mobile ad hoc networks are proposed the each node participating in the network acts both host&router must be willing to forward to packets for other nodes. The characteristics of MANETs such as: dynamic topology, node mobility, provides large number of degree of freedom and self-organizing capability. Due to the nature of MANETs, to design and development of secure routing is challenging task for researcher in an open and distributed communication environments. The proposed work on this paper is address the security issue, because MANETs are generally more vulnerable, we proposed a secure routing protocol for MANETs, are named ASRP (Authenticate Secure Routing Protocol) based on DSDV. The new protocol works on each mode corresponds to specific state of the node. This protocol is design to protect the network from malicious and selfish nodes. We are implementing Extended Public key Cryptography mechanism in ASRP in order to achieve security.

Keywords

MANETs, Security, Cryptography, ASRP, DSDV.

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R. Balakrishna ¹, K. S. Rajesh ²

Affiliations
1 Dept. of ISE, Rajarajeswari College of Engineering, Bangalore, IN
2 Dept. of CSE, Rajarajeswari College of Engineering, Bangalore, IN

Abstract

In this paper have analyzed the interruption concert of a multi-hop wireless network in which the routes between resource-objective pairs are fixed. It has developed a new queue grouping technique to handle the complex correlations of the service process resulting from the multi-hop nature of the flows and their mutual sharing of the wireless medium. A general set based interfering model is assumed that imposes constraints on links that can be served simultaneously at any given time. These interference constraints are used to obtain a fundamental lower bound on the interruption concert of any scheduling policy for the system. It presents a systematic methodology to derive such lower bounds. For a special wireless system, namely the clique, it design a policy that is sample path interruption is finest. For the cycle queue network, where the interruption finest policy is known, the expected interruption of the optimal policy numerically coincides with the lower bound. The lower bound analysis provides useful insights into the design and analysis of optimal or nearly optimal scheduling policies.

Keywords

Hop by Hop, Performance, clique, Interference, Multi Hop, Scheduling, AMRIS.

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Mitul R. Vasanani ¹, Nisha Patel ¹, Divyakant Patel ², K. S. Rajesh ¹, Lalit Lata Jha ¹

Affiliations
1 Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Limda, Waghodia, Vadodara-391760, Gujarat, IN
2 Multimedics (Research Organisation), Ahmadabad, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

The aim of the present work was improvement of ocular bioavailability of Loteprednol Etabonate, a novel drug, by prolonging its residence time in precorneal area. One of the methods is to achieve this by formulation of the solid lipid nanoparticles and then dispersing it into an in-situ gelling system. The Solid Lipid Nanoparticle was prepared by Hot Homogenisation Method. Drug/Excipient interaction was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry study. The Particle size and Zeta potential of solid lipid nanoparticles was measured with other evaluating parameter. Simultaneously in-situ gel was also prepared and dispersed these Solid lipid nanoparticles into in-situ gelling system. In vitro drug diffusion study was carried out from the nanosuspension using Franz diffusion cell apparatus. The release data were subjected to different models in order to evaluate their release kinetics and mechanisms. The drug diffusion was found 89% in 24 hrs. The present study conclude that it is possible to prepare solid lipid nanoparticle of Loteprednol Etabonate (LE) with desired criteria which increases the dissolution of drug and improves drug absorption and hence improve drug effect.

Keywords

Loteprednol Etabonate, Hot Homogenisation, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Dissolution, In-Situ Gel.

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N. Manoharan ¹, Subhransu Sekhar Dash ², K. S. Rajesh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai – 600119, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, SRM University, Chennai – 603203, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Firefly Algorithm (FA) is employed to for Load Frequency Control (LFC) of nonlinear power system. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The supremacy of FA technique is established by comparing the outcomes with Genetic Algorithm (GA). Findings: Additionally, sensitivity study is conducted by changing system parameters like time constants of turbine, speed governor and inertia constant as well as generator initial loading condition by +50% to -50% from their normal values in addition to the magnitude and location of load disturbance to illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested design approach. Application/Improvements: A nonlinear three area thermal system is taken as the system under study and the parameters of the LFC controller are tuned using FA technique.

Keywords

Firefly Algorithm (FA), Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), Load Frequency Control (LFC), Proportional Integral Derivative Controller, Sensitivity Analysis.

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Prince Thomas ¹, M. P. Gururaja ¹, Himanshu Joshi ¹, K. Prasannashama ¹, Ullas D’Souza ¹, Nimmy Chacko ¹, K. C. Bharath Raj ¹, K. S. Rajesh ¹

Affiliations
1 NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, IN

Abstract

Nephrotoxicity is a common event, which can cause significant morbidity and can be easily overlooked. Gentamycin is an antimicrobial agent which can cause nephrotoxicity on prolonged use. A large number of herbs have traditionally been used to treat drug or toxin-induced renal diseases. The present study was a similar attempt in that direction to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Eclipta alba against gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity. The animals were divided into five groups (n=6) consisting of normal control, toxic control and three test groups which received different doses of the extract (100,200 & 400mg/kg, p.o). Nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Eclipta alba was evaluated by assessing the blood parameters and histopathological studies of kidney. Elevated levels of serum urea, serum creatinine, total protein and uric acid have been significantly reduced in dose depending manner by oral administration of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Eclipta alba. These observations were supported by histopathological studies.

Keywords

Eclipta alba, Gentamycin, Nephrotoxicity, Nephroprotection.

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Anaghya V. Naik ¹, Hebsiba Joseph ¹, Nidhina Mathew ¹, Sumanth Shetty ², K. S. Rajesh ¹, K. C. Bharath Raj ¹, Juno J. Joel ¹, M. P. Gururaj ³, U. P. Nandakumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, IN
2 Department of Paediatric, K S Hegde charitable Hospital, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, IN
3 Department of Pharmacology, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, IN

Abstract

Objective: To develop baseline data on drug prescribing pattern and evaluate the rationality of prevalent prescribing practices using WHO core indicators. Methodology: A prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months in the paediatric population having respiratory tract infections. Results: A total of 211 prescriptions were analysed in the study, in which, 124(58.8%) patients were male and 87(41.2%) were female. Paediatric population of the age group 1-3 years were more prone to respiratory tract infections and common disease diagnosed was unspecified lower respiratory tract infection. A total of 885 drugs were prescribed and most commonly prescribed drug was found to be paracetamol-143(67.8%), followed by salbutamol-128 (60.66%), amoxicillin+ clauvalanic acid-93 (44.1%) and budesonide-77 (36.5%). 261(29.49%) oral, 224(25.31%) inhalations, 231(26.1%) injectables were prescribed. 158 fixed dose combination were prescribed. Drugs per prescription was found to be 4.1. 14.01% drugs were prescribed with generic names and 77.4% were prescribed from WHO model list of essential drugs. Percentage of antibiotic prescribed was 93% and injection was 84.36%. The consultation time taken by physician raged between 8-12 minutes and time taken by pharmacist to dispense drugs was 6-14 minutes. Conclusion: The present study was conducted to analyse the rational prescribing of drugs in the paediatric department of a tertiary care hospital using WHO core indicators. Males were more prone to respiratory tract infections and amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid was the most prescribed antibiotic and paracetamol was the most commonly prescribed drug. The study highlights few limitations focusing on the facility indicators due to lack of EDL, hospital formulary or standard guidelines and therefore consideration for better patient care and increased quality of life needs to be monitored. Review on prescribing and dispensing of drugs needs to be done regularly.

Keywords

WHO Core Indicators, Prescription Pattern, Respiratory Tract Infection, Antibiotic, Generic Drugs.

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Mohammed Shabil ¹, V. Rajesh ², K. C. Bharath Raj ¹, K. S. Rajesh ¹, K. Prasanna Shama ³, M. P. Gururaja ³, Himanshu Joshi ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru - 575018 Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru - 575018 Karnataka,, IN
3 Department of Pharmacology, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru - 575018 Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Tuberculosis is an infectious airborne, chronic granulomatous bacterial disease which requires a prolonged treatment to get a complete cure and prevent death, relapse, resistance to drugs and spreading it to the community. Present study was focused on treatment defaulters among tuberculosis patients receiving dots therapy. A prospective observational study was carried out in the in-patient and outpatient department of pulmonary medicine and other departments with dots referral in a hospital setting for a period of eight months from September 2017- April 2018. During the study period all the patients who was administered with dots therapy for the treatment of tuberculosis were enrolled as per the study criteria. All the patients were interviewed to know there treatment status and also monitored there ADR to check compliance with dots therapy. All the datas were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Out of 90 patients, 21 patients interrupted the treatment, of which 12 were defaulters. The overall percentage of the default to the treatment was 13.3%. The case fatality rate was 4.4%. The mean age of defaulting was found to be 53.3 years and the highest percentage were in the age group 50-65years. Male patients, rural domicile, patients pursuing primary education, pulmonary TB patients were high among the defaulters. Distance (58.3%) transportation (25%), staying alone (16.7%), workload (25%) were the general problems felt by the defaulters. 41.7% were dissatisfied with the behavior of dots provider and 50% of them did not have family support. Patients interrupted treatment in there early phases (41.7% in intensive phase and 58% in early continuous phase). The reasons to default were feeling of wellbeing after the treatment (41.7%), side effects (25.0%). Migration, non-availability of medicines, affording transport charges, medical issues were the other reasons (8.3%). Out of 90 patients, 17 (18.9%) patients came out with a total of 24 ADRs. From this only 2 patients had defaulted from the treatment due to intolerance from the medicational Side effects. ADR monitoring improved the knowledge (from 4.9 to 8.2) and treatment (1.2 to 2.5) of the patient in the current study. From the study we came to conclude that Defaulting was seen mainly due to unawareness, carelessness, disbelief of the treatment method. This can be enhanced by patient education, interviewing them periodically, Monitoring the treatment condition and side effects. So the Clinical pharmacists is responsible in promoting the dots therapy to improve the patients adherence towards it, there by achieving a well treatment outcome.

Keywords

Tuberculosis, DOTS Therapy, Default, ADR Monitoring.

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N. M. Rayees ¹, Sampath Kumar ², K. C. Bharath Raj ¹, K. S. Rajesh ¹, Juno J. Joel ¹, K. Prasanna Shama ³, M. P. Gururaja ³, U. P. Nandakumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru- 575018 Karnataka, IN
2 Department of General Medicine, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru- 575018 Karnataka, IN
3 Department of Pharmacology, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru- 575018 Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Present study was carried out to estimate the incidence of ADRs reported in general medicine department, to evaluate the causality, severity and preventability of ADRs caused by any drugs. A prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 8 months. Patients admitted during the study period were included as per the study criteria and monitored for ADRs. The clinical system, spectrum of ADRs noted and assessment of ADRs was done by causality, preventability and severity. The different scales are applied for assessment of causality, severity and preventability. Data was analysed by using descriptive statistics. A total number of 270 patients were included. 55 ADRs were observed in 52 patients. Higher incidence of suspected ADRs were exhibited with the age group of 61-70 years. The hospital stay extended for more than nine days in 32 (61.5%) patients who experienced ADR. The causality assessment by WHO Probability Scale, showed that out of 55 ADRs, majority were probable 38 (69.09%), whereas 11 (22%) reactions were possible and 6 (10.91%) reactions were certain. Based on Naranjo’s scale, 29 (52.73%) reactions were probable and 26 (47.27%) reactions were possible. Majority of 29 (53%) reactions were moderate in severity. Proper monitoring of adverse reactions is useful to minimize the incidence of ADRs and prevent further occurrence of the same. The regular monitoring of ADRs can reduce the morbidity and can improve the patients compliance which in turn can produce better therapeutic outcome.

Keywords

Adverse Drug Reaction, Causality, Severity, Preventability, Naranjo’s Scale.

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